不同来源可溶性有机物对亚热带森林土壤CO2排放的影响

采用室内培养法, 比较分析了亚热带地区杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)和米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)鲜叶及凋落叶浸提得到的可溶性有机物(dissolved organic matter, DOM)组成和化学性质差异对土壤CO₂排放的影响。结果表明: 添加不同来源的DOM后, 土壤CO₂瞬时排放速率在培养第1天内均显著高于对照(添加去离子水) (p < 0.05), 分别比对照增加了91.5% (添加杉木鲜叶DOM)、12.8% (添加米槠鲜叶DOM)、61.0% (添加杉木凋落叶DOM)和113.3% (添加米槠凋落叶DOM), 但培养5天后, 分别下降到对照的24.1%、8.3%、14.6%和13.2%, 随后逐渐趋于平稳。单次添加外源DOM到土壤中, 引起土壤CO₂排放速率增加的强度较大, 但持续时间短暂。培养31天时, 添加不同来源的DOM均对土壤CO₂累积排放量具有显著影响(p < 0.05), 而在培养59天时, 添加杉木鲜叶和凋落叶DOM的土壤CO₂累积排放量均显著高于添加米槠鲜叶和凋落叶DOM的土壤CO₂累积排放量, 但添加相同树种鲜叶与凋落叶DOM的土壤CO₂累积排放量之间差异不显著。培养结束后, 添加杉木鲜叶DOM和杉木凋落叶DOM后增加的土壤碳排放量, 分别是外源添加可溶性有机碳量的1.76倍和2.56倍, 而添加米槠鲜叶DOM和米槠凋落叶DOM后增加的土壤碳排放量只占外源添加可溶性有机碳量的22.5%和50.0%, 表明单次添加不同来源的DOM对土壤总有机碳库的影响是不一致的。     

Resorption proficiency and efficiency of leaf nutrients in woody plants in eastern China

Aims (i) To explore variations in nutrient resorption of woody plants and their relationship with nutrient limitation and (ii) to identify the factors that control these variations in forests of eastern China.Methods We measured nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in both green and senesced leaves of 172 woody species at 10 forest sites across eastern China. We compared the nutrient resorption proficiency (NuRP) and efficiency (NuRE) of N and P in plant leaves for different functional groups; we further investigated the latitudinal and altitudinal variations in NuRP and NuRE and the impacts of climate, soil and plant types on leaf nutrient resorptions.Important findings On average, the leaf N resorption proficiency (NRP) and P resorption proficiency (PRP) of woody plants in eastern China were 11.1mg g ? 1 and 0.65 mg g ? 1, respectively; and the corresponding N resorption efficiency (NRE) and P resorption efficiency (PRE) were 49.1% and 51.0%, respectively. Angiosperms have higher NRP (are less proficient) values and lower NRE and PRE values than gymnosperms, but there are no significant differences in NRP, PRP and PRE values between species with different leaf habits (evergreen vs. deciduous angiosperms). Trees have higher NRE and PRE than shrubs. Significant geographical patterns of plant nutrient resorption exist in forests of eastern China. In general, NRP and PRE decrease and PRP and NRE increase with increasing latitude/altitude for all woody species and for the different plant groups. Plant functional groups show more controls than environmental factors (climate and soil) on the N resorption traits (NRP and NRE), while site-related variables present more controls than plant types on PRP and PRE. NRP increases and PRP and NRE decrease significantly with increasing temperature and precipitation for the overall plants and for most groups, except that significant PRE–climate relationship holds for only evergreen angiosperms. Leaf nutrient resorption did not show consistent responses in relation to soil total N and P stoichiometry, probably because the resorption process is regulated by the relative costs of drawing nutrients from soil versus from senescing leaves. These results support our hypothesis that plants growing in P-limited habitats (low latitudes/altitudes or areas with high precipitation/temperature) should have lower PRP and higher PRE, compared with their counterparts in relatively N-limited places (high latitudes/altitudes or areas with low precipitation/temperature). Our findings can improve the understanding of variations in N and P resorption and their responses to global change, and thus facilitate to incorporate these nutrient resorption processes into future biogeochemical models.     

Long-term patterns of mass loss during the decomposition of leaf and fine root litter: an intersite comparison

Decomposition is a critical process in global carbon cycling. During decomposition, leaf and fine root litter may undergo a later, relatively slow phase; past long-term experiments indicate this phase occurs, but whether it is a general phenomenon has not been examined. Data from Long-term Intersite Decomposition Experiment Team, representing 27 sites and nine litter types (for a total of 234 cases) was used to test the frequency of this later, slow phase of decomposition. Litter mass remaining after up to 10 years of decomposition was fit to models that included (dual exponential and asymptotic) or excluded (single exponential) a slow phase. The resultant regression equations were evaluated for goodness of fit as well as biological realism. Regression analysis indicated that while the dual exponential and asymptotic models statistically and biologically fit more of the litter type–site combinations than the single exponential model, the latter was biologically reasonable for 27–65% of the cases depending on the test used. This implies that a slow phase is common, but not universal. Moreover, estimates of the decomposition rate of the slowly decomposing component averaged 0.139–0.221 year⁻¹ (depending on method), higher than generally observed for mineral soil organic matter, but one-third of the faster phase of litter decomposition. Thus, this material may be slower than the earlier phases of litter decomposition, but not as slow as mineral soil organic matter. Comparison of the long-term integrated decomposition rate (which included all phases of decomposition) to that for the first year of decomposition indicated the former was on average 75% that of the latter, consistent with the presence of a slow phase of decomposition. These results indicate that the global store of litter estimated using short-term decomposition rates would be underestimated by at least one-third.     

盐渍条件下AM真菌对大豆生长和离子含量的影响

盐渍条件下研究了丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对大豆Glycine max植株生长和叶片离子含量的影响。结果表明,接种摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae处理的叶片K+含量和K/Na比显著高于对照,而Na+含量无显著差异。G.mosseae显著增加了大豆植株生长量,这一效应随盐处理浓度的提高而增大。表明盐渍条件下AM真菌提高大豆抗盐性与其增加K+吸收和运输有关。     

丙酮和二甲基亚砜法测定植物叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的方法学比较

丙酮和二甲基亚砜作为提取剂测定植物光合色素含量是最为普遍的两种方法,但是对于二者之间的可比性问题探讨很少。本文基于对19中木本植物叶片和树枝内叶绿素含量的测定结果发现如下结果：（1）二甲基亚砜测定叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量的结果均显著高于丙酮测定结果（而对叶绿素a/b比值的影响较小）,与此相反,丙酮对类胡萝卜素提取测定结果要远高于二甲基亚砜的测定结果。（2）两种方法对叶绿素和类胡萝卜素测定结果之间均存在显著线性相关,可以应用相关线性拟合方程进行不同方法测定结果之间的转换,以减少叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量比较过程中产生的测定方法误差。（3）不同单位表示方法,对两种方法测定结果的相关性存在影响,使用鲜重单位表示的相关程度普遍高于以表面积为单位的相关程度。（4）两种方法对树枝和叶片测定结果的影响存在差异：对于叶绿素含量低的树枝,两种方法测定结果的差异较小,而对于叶绿素含量高的叶片,二甲基亚砜测定结果则远高于丙酮的测定结果,可能原因在于丙酮对于叶绿素的提取效果远低于二甲基亚砜。（5）以二甲基亚砜为浸提试剂,通过不同精确度仪器（0.1和1 nm）检测发现尽管不同仪器之间相关关系达到0.99以上,但二者相比精确度为0.1 nm检测叶绿素a、总叶绿素浓度高出15%~33%,而叶绿素b浓度低4%左右。这些研究发现为不同方法之间的比较提供了依据。     

八角茴香春果和秋果以及不同部位的莽草酸含量分析

采用HPLC法对不同季节和不同部位的八角茴香药材主成分莽草酸的含量进行分析,发现枝条、叶片、春果、秋果的莽草酸含量依次为2.64%、4.94%、8.63%、12.16%;色谱条件:Venusil HILIC(5μm,4.6 mm×250 mm)色谱柱,流动相:乙腈-0.5%三氟乙酸(95:5),流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为210 nm。莽草酸进样量在0.001～6μg范围内线性关系良好。莽草酸的线性回归相关系数r=0.9984,平均回收率为98.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.26%。该研究为制定八角茴香药材质量检测标准提供了简便、快速、准确的方法。     

一氧化氮在光延缓小麦叶片衰老中的作用

以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)离体叶片为材料,采用药理学实验和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术,对内源一氧化氮(NO)在光延缓离体小麦叶片衰老过程中的作用进行了研究.结果显示:光照处理的同时添加NO清除剂血红蛋白(Hb)或硝酸还原酶抑制剂钨酸钠(Na2WO4)后,光抑制离体小麦叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量降低及丙二醛累积的效应均显著减弱;光照处理下小麦叶片硝酸还原酶活性和内源NO水平均明显高于黑暗条件下,而Na2WO4处理不仅能抑制光诱导的硝酸还原酶活性提高,还与Hb处理一样能显著降低光下叶片内源NO水平.结果表明,硝酸还原酶途径来源的NO参与了光抑制离体小麦叶片衰老的过程.     

连翘叶黄酮对力竭游泳恢复小鼠的抗疲劳作用研究

为探讨连翘叶黄酮(flavonoids from Forsythia suspense leaves,FFL)对力竭运动恢复小鼠的抗疲劳作用,对小鼠以FFL或同体积生理盐水灌胃30 d,进行一次性力竭游泳,恢复24 h后,测定小鼠肝脏、心肌和股四头肌的SOD活性和MDA含量,并观察这几个脏器的亚显微结构.结果表明,运动+FFL大剂量组这三种组织的SOD活性较运动对照组和安静对照组高(P＜0.05),而MDA水平则较运动对照组低(P＜0.05),与安静对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05).透射电镜的观察结果表明,运动+FFL大剂量组小鼠三种组织中的微损伤均较运动对照组轻.该结果说明,连翘叶黄酮可有效保护一次性力竭运动对小鼠的肝脏、心肌和股四头肌造成的微损伤.     

藜叶中黄酮类化合物体外抗氧化活性研究

为了探讨藜叶中黄酮类化合物的体外抗氧化活性,采用有机溶剂提取法和色谱柱法对藜叶中化学成分进行提取与分离;以Vc作对照,对分离纯化的芦丁、乙酸乙酯浸膏和正丁醇浸膏进行DPPH&#183;、O2^-&#183;和&#183;OH的清除效果试验。结果表明：三者对DPPH&#183;、O2^-&#183;、&#183;OH均具有清除作用,且与浓度呈量效关系,芦丁对&#183;OH清除效果优于Vc,芦丁具有较强的清除DPPH&#183;能力,其IC50为0．05μg／mL。     

Evaluating scaling models in biology using hierarchical Bayesian approaches

Theoretical models for allometric relationships between organismal form and function are typically tested by comparing a single predicted relationship with empirical data. Several prominent models, however, predict more than one allometric relationship, and comparisons among alternative models have not taken this into account. Here we evaluate several different scaling models of plant morphology within a hierarchical Bayesian framework that simultaneously fits multiple scaling relationships to three large allometric datasets. The scaling models include: inflexible universal models derived from biophysical assumptions (e.g. elastic similarity or fractal networks), a flexible variation of a fractal network model, and a highly flexible model constrained only by basic algebraic relationships. We demonstrate that variation in intraspecific allometric scaling exponents is inconsistent with the universal models, and that more flexible approaches that allow for biological variability at the species level outperform universal models, even when accounting for relative increases in model complexity.